People get
married for different reasons. While some seek companionship in
marriage, many go into marriage for procreation. For couples who look
forward to having children immediately after marriage, being declared
‘infertile’ by experts is like a death sentence. While
it is generally agreed that it takes two to have a baby and every
couple is expected to be in optimum health to have babies, medical
experts claim men are having more fertility challenge now. Sperm
concentration in men is said to have decreased by a third since 1990s
while sperm count is said to have decreased by half over the past 50
years. Wow! This is "good" business o! Continue to read the rest ...
Studies
are also showing genetic abnormalities in sperm particularly in older
men. For men therefore, quantity, quality and motility of spermatozoa
are seen as important factors in fertility. Since
the male factor is a prominent cause of infertility in couples, sperm
donation has become vital in assisted conception treatment. A
study by the Society for the Study of Male Reproduction stated that “a
male factor is solely responsible in about 20 per cent of infertile
couples and contributory in another 30 to 40 per cent.” According
to experts, even when sperm numbers are great, a high proportion of men
may have DNA damage that significantly impairs the chances of natural
conception. Besides, male sperm deteriorates with age the same way it
does for women. Studies
have also shown that if a man has poor health, smokes, drinks too much
or has a bad diet, it’s very likely his sperms are also going to be
unhealthy. Indeed, investigation by Saturday PUNCH showed that sperm has become a commodity in high demand in Lagos.
The
Chief Consultant and Head, Obstetrician and Fertility Department, Eko
Hospitals, Dr. Adegbite Ogunmokun, said fertility problem, based on
recent experience, had tilted more towards the male factor. He
said, “If 10 couples come in, there will be problem with the male in
six of them, using our parameter of 20 million sperm per millimetre. But
10 to 15 years ago, maybe about four out of 10 men would have
problem.” Our
correspondents, who visited some fertility centres in Lagos, learnt
that more men are having low sperm count, thus necessitating the need
for more volunteer donors. But because donors are scare, fertility
clinics offer as much as N50,000 to men who are interested in selling
their sperm. They also pay more when sellers have special features that the beneficiaries are looking for. Like
blood sellers, investigations show that many people in Lagos,
especially students, now sell their sperms anytime they need money.
A student of
the University of Lagos, who identified himself as John, said he had
sold sperm to a few fertility centres in Lagos. John said he had been
funding his education for the past two years with what he earned from
selling his sperm. John said he was introduced to the programme by a friend and that he had in turn brought in two other friends to ‘business’. “I’ve
sold to a number of fertility centres. The money has really helped me
to stay in school. It takes care of my tuition and some other personal
needs,” John said, with a measure of satisfaction. “It’s
cool money, really and I’m also doing a service to mankind by helping
out some people in need. Even friends that I introduced to it have not
turned back since then.” An employee in a Lagos fertility clinic, who identified himself as Olufunsho, told Saturday PUNCH that some women would pay any amount to get a sperm seller with the features they want.
He said, “We
pay N50,000 here but there are times when women come in and request
that, at all cost, they must get a tall man. The person can earn more
when they make such requests, especially if we don’t have any that fits
the profile in our bank. “There was a
time a woman came and requested that we get a tall man for her at all
cost. I showed her the samples we had, but she did not like the profile.
She said she was not satisfied with the heights. And we were unable to
get what she wanted from the sellers that came at the time. “The
sellers that came then were either AS, or positive with hepatitis B or
had low sperm count. We had up to twelve sellers that came and we were
unable to get anybody. In such cases, we could offer a lot more when we
find the right person. Sometimes, such people are also in a position to
negotiate for what they want.” However, subsequent drops attract lesser amounts of money for the same seller.
To sell
sperm, the person, according to Olufunsho, must stay off sex for five
days. He undergoes some tests to confirm that he is not HIV positive and
that he also has healthy sperm among others. He
said, “If the same person is still interested and we still need him, he
would repeat the screening process again. We pay N10, 000 per
ejaculation for other subsequent ones. With my own discretion, if the
quality of the sperm is good and we have somebody who needs something
that matches perfectly with that seller, we may reduce the probation
period, but the sperm must be very good. “Although
that is the protocol, it could always be amended when there is nothing
wrong with the person. Even if someone ejaculates the first time and in
twenty minutes time, he does the same, it is still going to be good, but
not as good as the first one.”
At the
various fertility centres where our correspondents posed as potential
sperm seller, the clinic workers made keen attempts to have them start
the process immediately, by leaving blood samples for tests. On
one occasion, a clinic worker told one of our correspondents that he
was willing to waive the two to five days’ probation period of
abstinence, after our correspondent said he wished to “sleep over it.” The
worker said, “What is there to think about? After all, you already said
you’re not married. You can leave your blood sample for testing while
you go ahead and think over it.” Investigation
showed that fertility centres want sellers between 18 and 45 years of
age and expect them to abstain from sex, two to five days before giving
sperm sample, depending on the centre.
Other
conditions to be met by potential sperm sellers include testing negative
to HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B and C, sickle cell and some other
sexually transmitted diseases. Tests are also carried out to determine
the count, morphology (shape) and motility of the sperm cells. In addition, fertility centres claim to also place a high premium on average intelligence, education and lifestyle. Although, Saturday PUNCH learnt that such claims are not always true as more emphases are actually placed on height and other physical attributes. “It
is not immediately that we pay. We prefer AA genotype because it can be
given to anybody, unlike AS that cannot be given to just anybody,”
Olufunsho added. However, an
employee in another fertility clinic in Lagos, Akin, said sperm sellers
could get paid within a week of starting the process. This is possible
only if they satisfy the conditions.
He said, “If
the motility is good, the count is good and you’re okay, then, you can
produce for us. If everything is okay, within a week, you can get your
money.”A 2012 study into the
reproductive health of 26,600 men in France, warned of a sperm crisis
worldwide. It said that sperm concentration has decreased by a third
since the 1990s. The study found a continuous 32.2 per cent decrease in
sperm concentration over a period of 17 years. During
the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology annual
conference in London in July 2013, some experts, critical of the study’s
validity, said it did not completely represent the situation in certain
areas, particularly the developing world.However,
a fertility expert at Mother’s World Care, Ikeja, Lagos, Dr. Margaret
Olusegun, said the situation is similar in Nigeria.
She said, “A
man should have a good count, up to 40 to 50 million sperm per
millimetre of semen upward. But you find that these days, men have more
challenges with fertility than women. “Although,
I don’t have the statistics, men are the ones with more challenges now,
even though they are the ones who drive out their wives if they can’t
bear children.” Olusegun
explained that good sperm should have “at least 50 per cent motility
(activeness) because sperm cells can be active, sluggish or dead.” “For
morphology (shape) too, which could be normal or abnormal, sperm should
have upward of 50 per cent normal cells. And there should not be
bacteria growth,” she added. Ogunmokun
described low concentration of sperm as “Oligospermia.” He, however,
said a sperm count with a minimum lower limit of 20 million sperm per
millimetre of semen would still be considered normal.
But
he added that any sperm concentration of less than 20 million per
millimetre of semen could be categorised as mild, moderate or severe
oligospermia, depending on the count.Ogunmokun said fertility problems could be with the man, the woman or the two of them. Saturday PUNCH learnt
that the demand for sperm has made the fertility business a lucrative
one. Many of the fertility centres in Lagos have facilities for sperm
preservation, where it’s freezing costs about N50, 000 per quarter. Ogunmokun
said, “After collection, the semen is processed and seminal fluid and
all other things are removed. The sperm is put in little bottles and
placed in special containers called dewars, connected to a power source.
It is stored at very low temperature and there must be an indicator for
monitoring should there be a change in the condition.”
He, however,
added that there must be a standby generator in a place like Nigeria,
where power supply is unstable, as sperm can be frozen for decades. “Although,
there are many other reasons why people freeze sperm, someone living
far away from his wife can decide to freeze his sperm for the wife’s use
while he’s away. Also, someone going for cancer treatment can freeze
his sperm before starting the treatment since such treatments affect
sperm production,” he added. Ogunmokun
said fertility centres focus more on university undergraduates to
ensure that sperm donors have a certain degree of intelligence. He
said, “The current practice is to actually recruit sperm donors and the
focus is on undergraduates. The focus is on students because they
should be able to provide their ID cards so that background checks can
be done.”
According
to Ogunmokun, the perceived increase in the number of men with low sperm
count is as a result of infection and lifestyle habits like sitting for
too long and wearing of tight underwear. He
said, “The testes are not supposed to be too close to the body because
of the higher body temperature. The testes are naturally colder, so
people who travel long distances or sit in traffic for long can be prone
to infertility.” Ogunmokun
advised that men should “exercise appropriately, take good nutrition,
avoid tight underwear, premarital sex, cigarette and alcohol to try to
prevent low sperm count.” However,
Olusegun identified good hygiene as key to the prevention of low sperm
count, saying, “Our environment is too contaminated.”
Source: The Punch